Computer Basics & Hardware Guide IT Support Course Module A

💻 Computer Basics & Hardware (Module A)

📌 Introduction

IT field me entry lene ke liye sabse pehle computer basics strong hona zaroori hai.

🔍 Computer ka Basic Structure

Computer mainly 3 parts me divided hota hai:

  • Input (Keyboard, Mouse)
  • Processing (CPU)
  • Output (Monitor)

⚙️ Important Components

🧠 CPU

Computer ka brain hota hai — sari processing yahi hoti hai.

🧩 RAM

Temporary memory — jitni zyada RAM, utni fast performance.

💾 Storage (HDD vs SSD)

  • HDD: slow but cheap
  • SSD: fast but costly

🛠 Practical Skills

  • RAM kaise lagate hai
  • Hard disk replace kaise karte hai
  • PC cleaning

🎯 Conclusion

Strong basics = strong IT career

Module A – Hardware & Basic Troubleshooting (Weeks 1-4)


Lakchy: har tarah ka desktop/laptop kholna-jodna, boot/OS install, common faults thik karna, basic diagnostic tools chalana aana chahiye.
Zaroori samaan: screwdriver set, anti-static strap (agar nahi toh Nylon mat/wood), thermal paste, multimeter (behad upyogi), USB bootable tool (Rufus/Etcher), HDD/SSD, spare RAM (optional).

Lesson-1: Computer Hardware Basics — Step-by-Step (Aaj se shuru karein)

Learning objectives
  • Computer ke mukhya parts pehchaanna aur unki karyapranali samajhna.
  • PC assemble/disassemble karna aur BIOS/UEFI basics samajhna.
  • Windows ya Linux USB se clean install karna.

1) Safety & Taiyaariyaan
  • Hamesha power off + unplug karein.
  • ESD se bachne ke liye metal surface ko chhoo lein ya anti-static strap lagayein.
  • Chhota screwdriver set rakhein (Phillips, flat), zip ties, cable organizer.

2) Components — Kya hai aur kyon hai (sankshep)
  • Motherboard: Sab kuch judta hai — sockets, ports.
  • CPU + Cooler: processing unit; thermal paste zaroori.
  • RAM: volatile memory, slots mein daalein firmly.
  • Storage (SSD/HDD/M.2): OS aur data.
  • PSU: power supply — cables (24-pin, 8-pin CPU, 6/8-pin GPU).
  • GPU (if present): display/graphics.
  • Case + Fans: airflow; dust filters saaf rakhein.

3) Assemble — step-by-step
  • Case open karein. Standoff mein motherboard mount karein.
  • CPU install: socket cover kholkar CPU slot rakhein (pins alignment) → lock karein.
  • Apply thermal paste (rice-grain size) → cooler mount karein.
  • RAM rakhein (clip open → firmly insert).
  • M.2 SSD install karein (agar hai) → screw se fix. SATA SSD/HDD connect karein.
  • PSU connect: 24-pin motherboard, 8-pin CPU, SATA power to drives, GPU power if needed.
  • Front panel connectors (power switch, HDD LED) manual ke hisab se connect karein.
  • GPU install (yadi hai) → PCIe slot mein thos lagana zaroori.
  • Cable management → fans, SATA, power neatly lagayein.
  • First boot → BIOS/UEFI mein jaayein (Del/F2/Esc commonly) → boot order set karein (USB first).
4) BIOS/UEFI Basics
  • Date/Time set karein.
  • Boot mode: UEFI preferred for modern systems (yadi Windows install kar rahe hain).
  • SATA mode: AHCI recommended for SSDs (yadi pehle IDE hai toh convert ka dhyan dein).
  • XMP enable (RAM proper speed) — optional.
5) Windows 10/11 Install (stepwise)
  1. Bootable USB banayein (Rufus/Etcher) — Windows ISO daalein.
  2. USB se boot karein → Install Now → Partitioning: Recommended: 1 EFI, 1 MSR (Windows auto), primary C: aur extra data partition.
  3. Drivers: Chipset, LAN/WiFi, GPU, Audio — motherboard vendor site se lena best (Device Manager mein unknown devices check karein).
  4. Windows update run karein → drivers update.

6) Linux (Ubuntu Server/Desktop) basic install
  • Boot USB (Ubuntu) → Try or Install → partition as ext4 (or use LVM).
  • Commands after boot:
  • lsblk — list disks/partitions
  • sudo fdisk -l — disk list
  • sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX1 — format (careful).
  • sudo mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt — mount.

7) Diagnostic Tools & Tests

  • MemTest86 — RAM check (USB se boot kar ke run karein).
  • CrystalDiskInfo / smartctl — disk health (sudo apt install smartmontools aur sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda).
  • HWMonitor / HWINFO — temps and voltages.
  • Multimeter — PSU rails measure (12V, 5V, 3.3V) agar aap confident hon.

8) Common Problems & Quick Fixes (Table)
  • No power: PSU switch/plug check, PSU test with paperclip method (advanced) — pehle multimeter use karein.
  • No display: GPU seated? monitor cable? RAM seating (reseat RAM).
  • Boot loop: BIOS reset (CMOS battery nikaal/put back), disconnect external devices.
  • Overheat: CPU fan seating, thermal paste reapply.
  • Slow HDD: Check SMART, consider SSD.

9) Practical Exercise (aap abhi karein)
  • Task A (Must do): Kisi spare parts se ek PC assemble kar ke boot tak pahuchaayein. Photo/video lein.
  • Task B: Windows install karke Device Manager mein koi bhi unknown device na rahe — drivers install karein.
  • Task C: MemTest/SMART run kar ke screenshot rakhein.

10) Checklist (Pass criteria)
  • System POST ho raha hai aur BIOS accessible.
  • OS install success and drivers installed.
  • RAM test pass (no errors) and disk SMART status OK.
  • PC ek ghante idle mein stable rahe (temp aur voltage normale).